Dryout of Refractory Concrete

Understanding the effects of different heating rates on green concrete structures is of primary importance to engineers and industry. This is because heating of concrete and refractory materials can result in serious problems, particularly if an explosive spalling event occurs. If an explosive spalling occurs, projectiles of reasonable mass (1-10 kg) can be thrust violently […]

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Design and Efficiency Aspects of Rotary Dryers

Abstract The drying of products like sand, aggregates, fertilizers and food products is an important step in industrial processes. With an increasing focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy demand the design of drying units has become critical. In the past rotary dryers have been in some cases thermally very inefficient primarily due to […]

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The Behaviour of Monolithic Refractory and its Importance for the Design of Refractory Structures

Abstract Understanding the behaviour of monolithic refractory concrete is critically important for engineers when designing refractory linings for high temperature environments. As cement plants, power plants and other industries push for longer runtimes to reduce maintenance costs, the performance of refractory linings is critical in maintaining plant reliability. A successful refractory lining requires consistent quality […]

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Designing and Failure of Monolithic Refractory Structures – Part 2

Introduction Part 1 of this paper has highlighted the errors in refractory design methodology and a general methodology for the design of monolithic refractory structures is presented. In particular it has been shown that traditional concepts or guidelines are erroneous which are not based on engineering science can leave open the risk for catastrophic failure. […]

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Refractory Concrete Reinforced With Stainless Steel Fiber

Abstract Concrete materials like refractories are strong in compression and very weak in tension. This generally means that their fracture toughness is low. Stainless steel fibres are commonly used in an endeavour to improve refractory fracture toughness. Considerable emphasis has been placed on measuring fracture energies of refractory materials to reduce cracking and improve in-service life. Fracture energies […]

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Heat Transfer Design Considerations for Refractory Linings – Part 1

Introduction The heat transfer analysis of multi-layer refractory concretes in both transient and steady state conditions is particularly important for many pyro-processing industries. Knowing the temperature profile through the different layers is important for design and operational trouble shooting. It is clear that the design of refractory linings is becoming increasingly important both structurally and […]

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The Calculation of Transient and Steady State Heat Transfer in Refractory Linings under various Conditions

Abstract The heat transfer analysis of multi-layer plates in both transient and steady state conditions is particularly important for many pyro-processing industries. Knowing the temperature profile through the different layers is important for design and operational trouble-shooting. In one dimensional (1D) models steady state is the most common condition evaluated. In many cases, simplifying assumptions […]

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Volatilization of Refractory Silica in Hydrogen Water Vapour Gas Streams

The volatilization of silica (SiO2) from refractory concrete has been studied extensively and reaction thermodynamics are also well published. Understanding the degradation of the refractory containing silica in hydrogen /steam gases at temperature is important when designing and selecting refractory linings for gasifiers or boilers particularly in low temperature processes such as ammonia plant transfer lines which operate in the temperature range of 700°C to 950°C.

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Designing and Failure of Monolithic Refractory Structures – Part 1

Introduction The design of static refractory structures has traditionally been based on empirical or trial and error methods and has evolved over the years. Design methodology has been based on heat transfer analysis for material selection and the most common selection criteria are the published scaling temperatures of the anchor steel in an oxidization environment […]

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